Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W. W. Norton & Company.
Price, D. (2022). Unmasking autism: Discovering the new faces of neurodiversity. Harmony Books.
Schultz, W. (1998). Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 80(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.1.1
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Kollins, S. H., Wigal, T. L., Newcorn, J. H., Telang, F., Fowler, J. S., Zhu, W., Logan, J., Ma, Y., Pradhan, K., Wong, C., & Swanson, J. M. (2009). Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: Clinical implications. JAMA, 302(10), 1084–1091. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1308
Waluk, O. R., Youssef, G. J., & Dowling, N. A. (2016). The relationship between problem gambling and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32(2), 591–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-015-9564-8
References
Augner, C., Vlasak, T., & Barth, A. (2023). The relationship between problematic internet use and attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 168, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.032
Barkley, R. A. (2015). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (4th ed.). Guilford Press.
Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W. W. Norton & Company.
Price, D. (2022). Unmasking autism: Discovering the new faces of neurodiversity. Harmony Books.
Schultz, W. (1998). Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 80(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.1.1
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Kollins, S. H., Wigal, T. L., Newcorn, J. H., Telang, F., Fowler, J. S., Zhu, W., Logan, J., Ma, Y., Pradhan, K., Wong, C., & Swanson, J. M. (2009). Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: Clinical implications. JAMA, 302(10), 1084–1091. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1308
Waluk, O. R., Youssef, G. J., & Dowling, N. A. (2016). The relationship between problem gambling and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32(2), 591–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-015-9564-8
References
Augner, C., Vlasak, T., & Barth, A. (2023). The relationship between problematic internet use and attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 168, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.032
Barkley, R. A. (2015). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (4th ed.). Guilford Press.
Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W. W. Norton & Company.
Price, D. (2022). Unmasking autism: Discovering the new faces of neurodiversity. Harmony Books.
Schultz, W. (1998). Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 80(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.1.1
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Kollins, S. H., Wigal, T. L., Newcorn, J. H., Telang, F., Fowler, J. S., Zhu, W., Logan, J., Ma, Y., Pradhan, K., Wong, C., & Swanson, J. M. (2009). Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: Clinical implications. JAMA, 302(10), 1084–1091. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1308
Waluk, O. R., Youssef, G. J., & Dowling, N. A. (2016). The relationship between problem gambling and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32(2), 591–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-015-9564-8
Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W. W. Norton & Company.
Price, D. (2022). Unmasking autism: Discovering the new faces of neurodiversity. Harmony Books.
Schultz, W. (1998). Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 80(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.1.1
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Kollins, S. H., Wigal, T. L., Newcorn, J. H., Telang, F., Fowler, J. S., Zhu, W., Logan, J., Ma, Y., Pradhan, K., Wong, C., & Swanson, J. M. (2009). Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: Clinical implications. JAMA, 302(10), 1084–1091. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1308
Waluk, O. R., Youssef, G. J., & Dowling, N. A. (2016). The relationship between problem gambling and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32(2), 591–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-015-9564-8
References
Augner, C., Vlasak, T., & Barth, A. (2023). The relationship between problematic internet use and attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 168, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.032
Barkley, R. A. (2015). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (4th ed.). Guilford Press.
Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W. W. Norton & Company.
Price, D. (2022). Unmasking autism: Discovering the new faces of neurodiversity. Harmony Books.
Schultz, W. (1998). Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 80(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.1.1
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Kollins, S. H., Wigal, T. L., Newcorn, J. H., Telang, F., Fowler, J. S., Zhu, W., Logan, J., Ma, Y., Pradhan, K., Wong, C., & Swanson, J. M. (2009). Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: Clinical implications. JAMA, 302(10), 1084–1091. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1308
Waluk, O. R., Youssef, G. J., & Dowling, N. A. (2016). The relationship between problem gambling and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32(2), 591–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-015-9564-8
Augner, C., Vlasak, T., & Barth, A. (2023). The relationship between problematic internet use and attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 168, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.032
Barkley, R. A. (2015). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (4th ed.). Guilford Press.
Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W. W. Norton & Company.
Price, D. (2022). Unmasking autism: Discovering the new faces of neurodiversity. Harmony Books.
Schultz, W. (1998). Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 80(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.1.1
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Kollins, S. H., Wigal, T. L., Newcorn, J. H., Telang, F., Fowler, J. S., Zhu, W., Logan, J., Ma, Y., Pradhan, K., Wong, C., & Swanson, J. M. (2009). Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: Clinical implications. JAMA, 302(10), 1084–1091. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1308
Waluk, O. R., Youssef, G. J., & Dowling, N. A. (2016). The relationship between problem gambling and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32(2), 591–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-015-9564-8
References
Augner, C., Vlasak, T., & Barth, A. (2023). The relationship between problematic internet use and attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 168, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.032
Barkley, R. A. (2015). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (4th ed.). Guilford Press.
Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W. W. Norton & Company.
Price, D. (2022). Unmasking autism: Discovering the new faces of neurodiversity. Harmony Books.
Schultz, W. (1998). Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 80(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.1.1
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Kollins, S. H., Wigal, T. L., Newcorn, J. H., Telang, F., Fowler, J. S., Zhu, W., Logan, J., Ma, Y., Pradhan, K., Wong, C., & Swanson, J. M. (2009). Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: Clinical implications. JAMA, 302(10), 1084–1091. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1308
Waluk, O. R., Youssef, G. J., & Dowling, N. A. (2016). The relationship between problem gambling and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32(2), 591–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-015-9564-8
References
Augner, C., Vlasak, T., & Barth, A. (2023). The relationship between problematic internet use and attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 168, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.032
Barkley, R. A. (2015). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (4th ed.). Guilford Press.
Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W. W. Norton & Company.
Price, D. (2022). Unmasking autism: Discovering the new faces of neurodiversity. Harmony Books.
Schultz, W. (1998). Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 80(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.1.1
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Kollins, S. H., Wigal, T. L., Newcorn, J. H., Telang, F., Fowler, J. S., Zhu, W., Logan, J., Ma, Y., Pradhan, K., Wong, C., & Swanson, J. M. (2009). Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: Clinical implications. JAMA, 302(10), 1084–1091. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1308
Waluk, O. R., Youssef, G. J., & Dowling, N. A. (2016). The relationship between problem gambling and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32(2), 591–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-015-9564-8
References
Augner, C., Vlasak, T., & Barth, A. (2023). The relationship between problematic internet use and attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 168, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.032
Barkley, R. A. (2015). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (4th ed.). Guilford Press.
Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W. W. Norton & Company.
Price, D. (2022). Unmasking autism: Discovering the new faces of neurodiversity. Harmony Books.
Schultz, W. (1998). Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 80(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.1.1
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Kollins, S. H., Wigal, T. L., Newcorn, J. H., Telang, F., Fowler, J. S., Zhu, W., Logan, J., Ma, Y., Pradhan, K., Wong, C., & Swanson, J. M. (2009). Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: Clinical implications. JAMA, 302(10), 1084–1091. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1308
Waluk, O. R., Youssef, G. J., & Dowling, N. A. (2016). The relationship between problem gambling and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32(2), 591–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-015-9564-8
Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W. W. Norton & Company.
Price, D. (2022). Unmasking autism: Discovering the new faces of neurodiversity. Harmony Books.
Schultz, W. (1998). Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 80(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.1.1
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Kollins, S. H., Wigal, T. L., Newcorn, J. H., Telang, F., Fowler, J. S., Zhu, W., Logan, J., Ma, Y., Pradhan, K., Wong, C., & Swanson, J. M. (2009). Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: Clinical implications. JAMA, 302(10), 1084–1091. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1308
Waluk, O. R., Youssef, G. J., & Dowling, N. A. (2016). The relationship between problem gambling and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32(2), 591–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-015-9564-8
References
Augner, C., Vlasak, T., & Barth, A. (2023). The relationship between problematic internet use and attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 168, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.032
Barkley, R. A. (2015). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (4th ed.). Guilford Press.
Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W. W. Norton & Company.
Price, D. (2022). Unmasking autism: Discovering the new faces of neurodiversity. Harmony Books.
Schultz, W. (1998). Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 80(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.1.1
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Kollins, S. H., Wigal, T. L., Newcorn, J. H., Telang, F., Fowler, J. S., Zhu, W., Logan, J., Ma, Y., Pradhan, K., Wong, C., & Swanson, J. M. (2009). Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: Clinical implications. JAMA, 302(10), 1084–1091. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1308
Waluk, O. R., Youssef, G. J., & Dowling, N. A. (2016). The relationship between problem gambling and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32(2), 591–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-015-9564-8
References
Augner, C., Vlasak, T., & Barth, A. (2023). The relationship between problematic internet use and attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 168, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.032
Barkley, R. A. (2015). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (4th ed.). Guilford Press.
Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W. W. Norton & Company.
Price, D. (2022). Unmasking autism: Discovering the new faces of neurodiversity. Harmony Books.
Schultz, W. (1998). Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 80(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.1.1
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Kollins, S. H., Wigal, T. L., Newcorn, J. H., Telang, F., Fowler, J. S., Zhu, W., Logan, J., Ma, Y., Pradhan, K., Wong, C., & Swanson, J. M. (2009). Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: Clinical implications. JAMA, 302(10), 1084–1091. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1308
Waluk, O. R., Youssef, G. J., & Dowling, N. A. (2016). The relationship between problem gambling and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32(2), 591–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-015-9564-8
Augner, C., Vlasak, T., & Barth, A. (2023). The relationship between problematic internet use and attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 168, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.032
Barkley, R. A. (2015). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (4th ed.). Guilford Press.
Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W. W. Norton & Company.
Price, D. (2022). Unmasking autism: Discovering the new faces of neurodiversity. Harmony Books.
Schultz, W. (1998). Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 80(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.1.1
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Kollins, S. H., Wigal, T. L., Newcorn, J. H., Telang, F., Fowler, J. S., Zhu, W., Logan, J., Ma, Y., Pradhan, K., Wong, C., & Swanson, J. M. (2009). Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: Clinical implications. JAMA, 302(10), 1084–1091. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1308
Waluk, O. R., Youssef, G. J., & Dowling, N. A. (2016). The relationship between problem gambling and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32(2), 591–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-015-9564-8
References
Augner, C., Vlasak, T., & Barth, A. (2023). The relationship between problematic internet use and attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 168, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.032
Barkley, R. A. (2015). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (4th ed.). Guilford Press.
Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W. W. Norton & Company.
Price, D. (2022). Unmasking autism: Discovering the new faces of neurodiversity. Harmony Books.
Schultz, W. (1998). Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 80(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.1.1
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Kollins, S. H., Wigal, T. L., Newcorn, J. H., Telang, F., Fowler, J. S., Zhu, W., Logan, J., Ma, Y., Pradhan, K., Wong, C., & Swanson, J. M. (2009). Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: Clinical implications. JAMA, 302(10), 1084–1091. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1308
Waluk, O. R., Youssef, G. J., & Dowling, N. A. (2016). The relationship between problem gambling and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32(2), 591–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-015-9564-8
References
Augner, C., Vlasak, T., & Barth, A. (2023). The relationship between problematic internet use and attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 168, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.032
Barkley, R. A. (2015). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (4th ed.). Guilford Press.
Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W. W. Norton & Company.
Price, D. (2022). Unmasking autism: Discovering the new faces of neurodiversity. Harmony Books.
Schultz, W. (1998). Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 80(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.1.1
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Kollins, S. H., Wigal, T. L., Newcorn, J. H., Telang, F., Fowler, J. S., Zhu, W., Logan, J., Ma, Y., Pradhan, K., Wong, C., & Swanson, J. M. (2009). Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: Clinical implications. JAMA, 302(10), 1084–1091. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1308
Waluk, O. R., Youssef, G. J., & Dowling, N. A. (2016). The relationship between problem gambling and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32(2), 591–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-015-9564-8
Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W. W. Norton & Company.
Price, D. (2022). Unmasking autism: Discovering the new faces of neurodiversity. Harmony Books.
Schultz, W. (1998). Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 80(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.1.1
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Kollins, S. H., Wigal, T. L., Newcorn, J. H., Telang, F., Fowler, J. S., Zhu, W., Logan, J., Ma, Y., Pradhan, K., Wong, C., & Swanson, J. M. (2009). Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: Clinical implications. JAMA, 302(10), 1084–1091. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1308
Waluk, O. R., Youssef, G. J., & Dowling, N. A. (2016). The relationship between problem gambling and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32(2), 591–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-015-9564-8
Augner, C., Vlasak, T., & Barth, A. (2023). The relationship between problematic internet use and attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 168, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.032
Barkley, R. A. (2015). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (4th ed.). Guilford Press.
Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W. W. Norton & Company.
Price, D. (2022). Unmasking autism: Discovering the new faces of neurodiversity. Harmony Books.
Schultz, W. (1998). Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 80(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.1.1
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Kollins, S. H., Wigal, T. L., Newcorn, J. H., Telang, F., Fowler, J. S., Zhu, W., Logan, J., Ma, Y., Pradhan, K., Wong, C., & Swanson, J. M. (2009). Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: Clinical implications. JAMA, 302(10), 1084–1091. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1308
Waluk, O. R., Youssef, G. J., & Dowling, N. A. (2016). The relationship between problem gambling and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32(2), 591–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-015-9564-8
References
Augner, C., Vlasak, T., & Barth, A. (2023). The relationship between problematic internet use and attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 168, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.032
Barkley, R. A. (2015). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (4th ed.). Guilford Press.
Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W. W. Norton & Company.
Price, D. (2022). Unmasking autism: Discovering the new faces of neurodiversity. Harmony Books.
Schultz, W. (1998). Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 80(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.1.1
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Kollins, S. H., Wigal, T. L., Newcorn, J. H., Telang, F., Fowler, J. S., Zhu, W., Logan, J., Ma, Y., Pradhan, K., Wong, C., & Swanson, J. M. (2009). Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: Clinical implications. JAMA, 302(10), 1084–1091. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1308
Waluk, O. R., Youssef, G. J., & Dowling, N. A. (2016). The relationship between problem gambling and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32(2), 591–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-015-9564-8
References
Augner, C., Vlasak, T., & Barth, A. (2023). The relationship between problematic internet use and attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 168, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.032
Barkley, R. A. (2015). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (4th ed.). Guilford Press.
Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W. W. Norton & Company.
Price, D. (2022). Unmasking autism: Discovering the new faces of neurodiversity. Harmony Books.
Schultz, W. (1998). Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 80(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.1.1
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Kollins, S. H., Wigal, T. L., Newcorn, J. H., Telang, F., Fowler, J. S., Zhu, W., Logan, J., Ma, Y., Pradhan, K., Wong, C., & Swanson, J. M. (2009). Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: Clinical implications. JAMA, 302(10), 1084–1091. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1308
Waluk, O. R., Youssef, G. J., & Dowling, N. A. (2016). The relationship between problem gambling and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32(2), 591–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-015-9564-8
Understanding dopamine and the neurodivergent brain can change how you read your own behavior, especially the late nights lost to scrolling, the game you meant to play for twenty minutes, or the way your hand reaches for your phone before you have even decided to. If you are autistic, ADHD, or AuDHD (a term for having both autistic and ADHD wiring), you may have spent years believing that this pull means something is wrong with you. That you lack discipline. That you are addicted in a shameful way. That other people simply try harder.
That story is not accurate, and it is not kind. The pull you feel is not a character flaw. It is a nervous system doing exactly what it was built to do, inside a digital world specifically engineered to keep it reaching. When your brain runs on a reward system that is tuned differently, and that system meets technology designed to exploit it, the result is not weakness. It is a predictable mismatch.
You are allowed to understand this slowly. There is nothing here you need to fix today. The goal of this piece is simply to help the pattern make sense, so that any change you choose later comes from clarity rather than shame.
In this blog post, we will look at what dopamine actually does, how the neurodivergent reward system tends to work, why modern screens are so difficult to step away from, how this shows up inside relationships, and what gentle, realistic support can look like. We will move slowly and stay grounded, because patterns are easier to change once they are first understood.
3 Key Takeaways
- Dopamine is a normal signaling chemical, not a drug or a moral test. In many neurodivergent brains, the reward system is tuned for novelty and stronger stimulation, which makes the steady pull toward screens an understandable nervous-system response rather than a failure of willpower.
- Modern technology is built to hook the reward system on purpose. Infinite scroll, short videos, and unpredictable rewards line up almost perfectly with neurodivergent wiring, which is why stepping away can feel genuinely hard.
- When screen-seeking becomes a way to soothe an overwhelmed system, it can quietly cost you energy, sleep, and connection with the people you love. Working with your wiring, rather than fighting it, tends to help far more than willpower or self-criticism.
Dopamine Is Not a Villain, and You Are Not Weak
A great deal of popular writing treats dopamine as something dangerous, almost like a substance you become hooked on. That framing is misleading, and for neurodivergent readers it often adds another layer of shame to an already heavy load.
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter, which is a chemical messenger your brain uses to send signals. Dopamine is crucial for emotional regulation and motivation. One of its central jobs is to flag what might be worth paying attention to and moving toward. It is closely tied to motivation, anticipation, and learning. It is not the chemical of pleasure so much as the chemical of pursuit. It says, in effect, this could matter, go check.
So when you feel drawn toward your phone, a game, a new tab, or a notification, that is not corruption. That is a healthy signaling system noticing something it has learned to expect reward from. The difficulty is not that your dopamine system is broken. The difficulty is that it is working well inside an environment that has learned how to press on it again and again.
Let us be clear about the reframe here. The pull toward stimulation is not evidence that you are undisciplined. It is evidence that you have a brain that responds to its environment, and that the environment has been designed by people who understand that response very well. Naming this is not an excuse. It is the first honest step toward having a real choice.
How the Neurodivergent Reward System Is Tuned Differently in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
To understand why screens can feel so magnetic, it helps to look at how the reward system tends to work in many ADHD and autistic brains.
Why This Happens
Research using brain imaging has found measurable differences in the dopamine reward pathway in adults with ADHD, with reduced markers in the brain regions tied to reward and motivation (Volkow et al., 2009). One way to understand this is that the baseline hum of "this is interesting, this is worth doing" can run quieter. Ordinary, slow-paced, low-stimulation tasks may not register as rewarding enough to easily begin or sustain, even when you genuinely care about them.
This is part of why a person can struggle for an hour to start a simple email, then disappear into an absorbing game without effort. It is not that the email matters less to you. It is that the game delivers the kind of fast, rich, responsive signal your reward system reaches for, while the email does not. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter, and while people often reduce it to a "pleasure chemical," it also helps regulate attention, motivation, learning, and executive functions like planning and cognitive flexibility. In ADHD, low dopamine signaling has been linked to patterns in genes, receptors, and dopamine transporters that can shape dopamine levels and contribute to adhd symptoms and other symptoms. Some medications, including methylphenidate, work in part by blocking dopamine transporters so more dopamine remains available.
Anticipation plays a large role too. Studies of dopamine signaling show that these neurons fire strongly in response to cues that predict reward, not only the reward itself (Schultz, 1998). In plain terms, the wanting and the waiting can carry a bigger charge than the having. This is why refreshing a feed, opening a notification, or waiting for the next video can feel more compelling than whatever you actually find. The reaching is the hit.
What This Can Look Like
In daily life, this differently-tuned system can show up as a strong appetite for novelty, a low tolerance for boredom, and a tendency to seek out stimulation when a task feels flat. It can look like having many browser tabs open, switching activities often, or feeling restless and irritable when there is nothing engaging to do. Many neurodivergent adults describe a near-constant background search for "something," without always knowing what that something is.
None of this means you are shallow or distractible in a moral sense. It means your nervous system is asking for a level of input that the slow parts of modern adult life often do not provide. The screen simply happens to be the most available, most reliable supplier. These patterns can affect focus and everyday behaviors, but low dopamine is only one possible part of the picture. Research also points to genes and receptors involved in dopamine signaling, including the DRD2 gene, which affects dopamine response in ADHD and may help explain why some people respond differently. Methylphenidate, one common ADHD medication, works in part by blocking dopamine transporters, which increases dopamine levels and can reduce symptoms and some related challenges.
Why Screens Pull So Hard
If neurodivergent brains seek novelty and stimulation, and people can respond differently to boredom, novelty, and reward cues in ways that shape everyday behaviors, modern technology is the most efficient delivery system ever built for exactly that. This is not an accident. It is the business model.
Apps, games, and social platforms are engineered to keep you scrolling, refreshing, and checking for the next interesting thing. Each buzz, swipe, and unpredictable update can repeatedly trigger dopamine activity, which helps explain why these patterns can intensify focus challenges rather than reflecting moral weakness.
Why This Happens
Many digital products are designed using principles drawn directly from the study of reward and habit. Infinite scroll removes the natural stopping point that used to tell you a magazine or a show was over. Short-form video delivers a new, unpredictable reward every few seconds, which is the same pattern, called variable reward, that makes slot machines so sticky. Notifications create small bursts of anticipation throughout the day. As an efficient delivery system, technology can also create repeated spikes in dopamine activity. Each of these features leans on the wanting-and-waiting charge described above.
For a brain already tuned toward novelty and quick reward, this design is not just appealing. It maps almost perfectly onto the wiring. A 2023 review of the research found consistent, medium-strength associations between problematic internet use and ADHD traits, including inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity (Augner et al., 2023). Research suggests this pattern is bidirectional, and researchers increasingly emphasize the reality that these effects are more complex than a simple cause-and-effect story. Heavy fast-paced media use can also temporarily mimic and worsen attention difficulties, which can leave a person feeling even more scattered and more in need of the next hit.
The same vulnerability shows up in higher-stakes places. Among people seeking help for gambling problems, studies have found notably elevated rates of ADHD, often around one in four (Waluk et al., 2016). Online betting, in particular, combines novelty, anticipation, and unpredictable reward in a way that can be especially difficult for a novelty-seeking brain to regulate.
What This Can Look Like
This can look like opening an app to check one thing and surfacing an hour later. It can look like genuinely intending to stop, then feeling your thumb keep scrolling as if on its own as your brain learns to respond to constant cues. It can look like reaching for your phone in any pause, in line, at a red light, in bed, in the middle of a conversation. It can look like a low, flat restlessness when you are away from screens, and relief the moment you return, a consequence that can spill into focus and daily functioning.
If you recognize yourself here, please notice that the design did most of the work. You are not failing to resist a neutral object. You are interacting with a system built by teams of people whose job is to make stopping feel unnatural.
When Dopamine Dysregulation and Dopamine-Seeking Start to Cost You
Reaching for stimulation is not a problem in itself. Most of us soothe, rest, and recharge with screens, and the brain can quickly respond to cue-reward loops that keep the thumb scrolling, which can be entirely fine until dopamine dysregulation starts to chip away at well-being. The question is not whether you use them. The question is whether the pattern has quietly started taking more than it gives, as a consequence of repeated reward conditioning rather than lack of willpower.
Why This Happens
When a reward system is reaching for stronger and faster input, ordinary life can begin to feel duller by comparison. After a long stretch of intense, on-demand stimulation, slower pleasures, like a walk, a conversation, a book, or a hobby, may register as not quite enough. This is sometimes described as the system needing more input to feel the same baseline okay, especially when low levels make it harder for everyday rewards to land. It is a physiological drift, not a sign of a weak personality.
There is also an emotional layer. For many neurodivergent adults, screens are not only about novelty. They are about regulation and executive function. Scrolling, gaming, or bingeing can be a way to quiet an overstimulated nervous system, to escape anxiety, loneliness, or the exhaustion of masking, which is the effort of hiding or suppressing your natural way of being to fit in (Price, 2022). When something is doing that much soothing work, it makes complete sense that letting go of it feels threatening, especially if the pattern starts to look more like dopamine dysregulation affecting daily well-being than true relief.
Recognizing the Signs
Behavioral patterns like this do not usually announce themselves loudly. The signs tend to be quieter: feeling foggy, flat, or irritable when you have not had access; sleep that keeps getting pushed later; a sense that the day disappeared without your consent; rising shame about how much time passed. Some people notice a low mood or restlessness that lifts only when they return to the screen, which is the system protesting the loss of an input it had come to rely on.
What Helps With Emotional Regulation
The first thing that helps is to drop the language of moral failure. A pattern you fall into to cope is not the same as a flaw in who you are. From there, gentle observation does more than force. You might simply notice, without judgment, when you reach for a screen and what you were feeling a moment before. Often the reach is answering a real need, for rest, stimulation, comfort, or escape, and naming that need is the beginning of meeting it in more than one way.
If the pattern is affecting your work, finances, sleep, relationships, or mental health, and stepping back feels genuinely out of reach, that is a meaningful signal, not a verdict. It is a reasonable point to bring in support, whether from a therapist, a peer community, or a group built around technology and behavioral patterns. Reaching for help is a strength, and you do not have to sort this out alone or all at once.
Dopamine, Screens, and Your Relationship
This pattern rarely stays contained to one person. In neurodiverse relationships, where partners may have different nervous systems and different ways of regulating, dopamine-seeking through screens can become a quiet source of distance and hurt, often without anyone intending it.
Why This Happens
When one partner uses screens to regulate an overwhelmed or under-stimulated system, the behavior is doing something important for them internally. It is soothing, focusing, or decompressing. From the outside, though, it can look like withdrawal, disinterest, or rejection. The partner who is reaching for the phone is reaching for relief. The partner watching them reach can feel shut out.
Our nervous systems are wired to seek safety and connection with each other, a process sometimes called co-regulation, where two people help settle each other's bodies and emotions (Porges, 2011). When one partner consistently regulates alone through a screen rather than with the other person, the relationship can lose some of that shared settling. Neither partner is doing this on purpose. It is two real needs, for regulation and for connection, that have not yet found a way to meet.
What This Can Look Like
It can look like sitting in the same room, each on a separate device, feeling oddly lonely together. It can look like one partner saying "you are always on your phone" and the other hearing "you are failing again," which triggers shame and, often, more retreat. It can look like the neurodivergent partner genuinely not registering how much time has passed, while the other partner experiences each minute as a small distance opening up.
What Helps
What helps most is replacing blame with a shared, accurate story. The behavior is usually about a nervous system seeking regulation, not about how much one person loves the other. Naming that out loud can soften the whole dynamic. Some couples find language like, "When I scroll, my brain is trying to calm down, and it is not about you," paired with, "When you disappear into your phone, I start to feel alone, and I want to be near you." Both can be true at once.
From there, small experiments tend to work better than sweeping rules. That might mean a few protected times that stay screen-free by mutual agreement, or finding shared sources of stimulation and novelty that satisfy the reaching brain and the connection at the same time, like a walk, a game you play together, or a project you both find absorbing. The aim is not to take regulation away from the neurodivergent partner. It is to widen the menu so that connection and regulation are not in competition.
Working With Your Wiring, Not Against It With Dopamine and the Neurodivergent Brain
The most durable changes here do not come from declaring war on your own brain. They come from understanding what your nervous system is asking for and meeting that need in ways that cost you less. Shared sources of stimulation and novelty can include movement, texture, temperature shifts, and changes in environment that help your body feel more awake or more settled. Listening to music can increase dopamine release and help focus for some people.
Why This Happens: The Role of Dopamine Transporters
A brain that craves novelty and stimulation will keep craving it. That drive is not going to be disciplined away, and trying tends to produce a cycle of restriction, depletion, and rebound. The more workable path is to give the reward system honest, satisfying input on purpose, so that algorithms are not the only thing feeding it. There is also a clear link between dopamine regulation and executive function, including planning, organization, and cognitive flexibility, which helps explain why force so often backfires in ADHD and autism. Emotional regulation difficulties are now understood as a core part of the ADHD experience rather than a side issue (Barkley, 2015), which is part of why approaches that support the whole nervous system tend to work better than ones aimed only at behavior, supporting both brain and body rather than fighting either one.
Practical Strategies
Feeding your brain well might mean seeking novelty through movement, learning, creativity, or time in nature. It might mean returning to an old passion or starting a new one, ideally something with enough texture and challenge to hold a stimulation-hungry mind while supporting the executive function demands dopamine helps regulate, not just reward-seeking. It often means tending to the basics that stabilize the whole system, including sleep, movement, and food, not as a moral project but as a way of raising your baseline so the screen has less to compensate for; for example, meals with enough proteins can support steadier energy and focus. Some evidence suggests exercise may help dopamine-related regulation, though more studies are still needed to clarify what works best.
It can also mean making the pull a little less frictionless. Turning off non-essential notifications, keeping the phone in another room while you sleep, or building small, predictable screen-free pockets into the day can lower the constant background tug. In autism, dopamine is also linked to executive functions, which can help explain difficulties with planning and flexibility. These are not punishments. They are ways of protecting your attention from a system designed to take it.
What Helps
For many neurodivergent adults, an important piece is addressing the underlying wiring directly. If undiagnosed or unsupported ADHD is part of the picture, appropriate assessment and treatment can steady the reward and regulation systems in a way that makes everything else easier; for some, medications such as methylphenidate help increase dopamine, though good patient care also remembers that humans rarely fit neat categories and research suggests support should stay individualized. Exercise can naturally boost dopamine levels in the brain, including for some people with ADHD, though more studies are still needed to clarify the most helpful type or dose for each person, and there is no virtue in white-knuckling around support that could help. Connection helps too. Isolation tends to deepen the reach toward screens, while community, whether a trusted person, a group, or a therapist who understands neurodivergence, reduces the loneliness and shame that often sit underneath the pattern.
Above all, patience helps. Your brain is capable of rewiring and of finding reward in slower, richer parts of life again, but that happens gradually. Protecting sleep, making room for movement, and eating enough food, including tyrosine-rich foods with adequate protein, can support healthy dopamine levels and steadier focus. Slips are part of the process, not proof of failure. You are allowed to take this one day at a time.
Coming Back to Yourself
If you take one thing from this, let it be this: the pull you feel toward screens is not a sign that you are broken or weak. It is a meeting point between a reward system that is tuned for novelty and a digital world engineered to exploit that tuning. Understood that way, the pattern stops being a referendum on your character and becomes something you can actually work with.
You do not have to overhaul your life. You do not have to feel ashamed of how you have coped. You are allowed to begin with understanding, to be curious instead of harsh, and to make small, humane changes when and if you are ready. Your nervous system has been doing its best to take care of you in a world that keeps pressing on it. It deserves your compassion, not your contempt.
If you would like support making sense of your own patterns, or you and your partner want help bridging the gap that screens can create, you do not have to figure it out alone.
Book a FREE 20-minute “Clarity & Connection” Zoom session
It is a calm, pressure-free space to be understood and to take your next step at your own pace.
A closing note from me: I am Barbara (Blaze) Lazarony, MA, LMFT #151788. I work with neurodivergent adults and couples from a place of lived experience as well as professional training, and my hope is always that you leave understanding yourself a little more gently than you arrived.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is "dopamine addiction" a real diagnosis?
Not as a formal clinical term. Dopamine is a normal brain chemical, not a substance you become addicted to, so framing it as a drug can be misleading. What clinicians do recognize are behavioral patterns, such as problematic internet use or gambling, that can become genuinely difficult to control and can interfere with daily life. The more useful question is not whether dopamine is the villain, but whether a particular pattern is costing you more than it gives.
Why do screens feel so much harder for me to put down than for other people?
In many neurodivergent brains, the reward system is tuned for novelty and stronger, faster stimulation, and imaging research has found differences in the dopamine reward pathway in adults with ADHD (Volkow et al., 2009). Digital platforms are built to deliver exactly that kind of quick, unpredictable reward. So you are not lacking willpower compared to others. You are a stronger match for a system designed to be hard to leave.
Does this mean I should quit screens completely?
Usually not, and for most people that is neither realistic nor necessary. Screens can be a legitimate way to rest, regulate, and recharge. The goal is awareness and balance, noticing when a pattern has started taking your sleep, energy, or connection, and widening your options so screens are not the only way you soothe or stimulate your brain.
My partner gets lost in their phone and I feel shut out. What can I do?
It often helps to understand the behavior as nervous-system regulation rather than rejection, because for a neurodivergent partner that is frequently what it is (Porges, 2011). Sharing the accurate story in both directions, that scrolling is about calming down and that being left out genuinely hurts, can soften the dynamic. From there, small shared agreements and finding novelty you can enjoy together tend to work better than rules imposed from frustration.
When should I consider getting professional support?
If a pattern is affecting your work, finances, sleep, relationships, or mental health, and stepping back feels genuinely out of reach, that is a reasonable point to reach for help. This is a strength, not a failure. Support might come from a therapist who understands neurodivergence, a peer community, or assessment and treatment for underlying ADHD, which can steady the systems involved and make change feel more possible.
Schultz, W. (1998). Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 80(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.1.1
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Kollins, S. H., Wigal, T. L., Newcorn, J. H., Telang, F., Fowler, J. S., Zhu, W., Logan, J., Ma, Y., Pradhan, K., Wong, C., & Swanson, J. M. (2009). Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: Clinical implications. JAMA, 302(10), 1084–1091. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1308
Waluk, O. R., Youssef, G. J., & Dowling, N. A. (2016). The relationship between problem gambling and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32(2), 591–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-015-9564-8
Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W. W. Norton & Company.
Price, D. (2022). Unmasking autism: Discovering the new faces of neurodiversity. Harmony Books.
Schultz, W. (1998). Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 80(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.1.1
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Kollins, S. H., Wigal, T. L., Newcorn, J. H., Telang, F., Fowler, J. S., Zhu, W., Logan, J., Ma, Y., Pradhan, K., Wong, C., & Swanson, J. M. (2009). Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: Clinical implications. JAMA, 302(10), 1084–1091. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1308
Waluk, O. R., Youssef, G. J., & Dowling, N. A. (2016). The relationship between problem gambling and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32(2), 591–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-015-9564-8
Augner, C., Vlasak, T., & Barth, A. (2023). The relationship between problematic internet use and attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 168, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.032
Barkley, R. A. (2015). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (4th ed.). Guilford Press.
Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W. W. Norton & Company.
Price, D. (2022). Unmasking autism: Discovering the new faces of neurodiversity. Harmony Books.
Schultz, W. (1998). Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 80(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.1.1
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Kollins, S. H., Wigal, T. L., Newcorn, J. H., Telang, F., Fowler, J. S., Zhu, W., Logan, J., Ma, Y., Pradhan, K., Wong, C., & Swanson, J. M. (2009). Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: Clinical implications. JAMA, 302(10), 1084–1091. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1308
Waluk, O. R., Youssef, G. J., & Dowling, N. A. (2016). The relationship between problem gambling and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32(2), 591–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-015-9564-8
References
Augner, C., Vlasak, T., & Barth, A. (2023). The relationship between problematic internet use and attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 168, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.032
Barkley, R. A. (2015). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (4th ed.). Guilford Press.
Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W. W. Norton & Company.
Price, D. (2022). Unmasking autism: Discovering the new faces of neurodiversity. Harmony Books.
Schultz, W. (1998). Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 80(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.1.1
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Kollins, S. H., Wigal, T. L., Newcorn, J. H., Telang, F., Fowler, J. S., Zhu, W., Logan, J., Ma, Y., Pradhan, K., Wong, C., & Swanson, J. M. (2009). Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: Clinical implications. JAMA, 302(10), 1084–1091. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1308
Waluk, O. R., Youssef, G. J., & Dowling, N. A. (2016). The relationship between problem gambling and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32(2), 591–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-015-9564-8
References
Augner, C., Vlasak, T., & Barth, A. (2023). The relationship between problematic internet use and attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 168, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.032
Barkley, R. A. (2015). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (4th ed.). Guilford Press.
Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. W. W. Norton & Company.
Price, D. (2022). Unmasking autism: Discovering the new faces of neurodiversity. Harmony Books.
Schultz, W. (1998). Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology, 80(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.1.1
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Kollins, S. H., Wigal, T. L., Newcorn, J. H., Telang, F., Fowler, J. S., Zhu, W., Logan, J., Ma, Y., Pradhan, K., Wong, C., & Swanson, J. M. (2009). Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: Clinical implications. JAMA, 302(10), 1084–1091. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1308
Waluk, O. R., Youssef, G. J., & Dowling, N. A. (2016). The relationship between problem gambling and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Gambling Studies, 32(2), 591–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-015-9564-8
